Light And Colors

The Three Ways Light Interacts With Matter-

Its when an light strikes from of matter. and that interacts matter in three types of ways

First, Transparent-  That allowing light to pass through so that objects behind can be distinctly seen.


Second, Translucent-  That is allowing light, but not detailed images, to pass through; semitransparent.

 

Third, Opaque- That Its not able to be seen through transparent.

How the color of an object is determind?

Human can see different wavelenghts of light as different colors for an example can see long wavelenghts as red and short wavelenghts as violet. Also human can see some colors like Pink and Brown are seen when certain combinations of wavelenght are present. also the colors that an object appears to be  the wavelenght from the object.

Color Addition and Color Subtraction?

Color perception, like sound perception, is a complex subject involving the disciplines of psychology, physiology, biology, chemistry and physics. When you look at an object and perceive a distinct color, you are not necessarily seeing a single frequency of light. Consider for instance that you are looking at a shirt and it appears purple to your eye. In such an instance, there may be several frequencies of light striking your eye with varying degrees of intensity. Yet your eye-brain system interprets the frequencies that strike your eye and the shirt is decoded by your brain as being purple.

The previous lesson focused on the principles of color addition. These principles govern the perceived color resulting from the mixing of different colors of light. Principles of color addition have important applications to color television, color computer monitors and on-stage lighting at the theaters. Each of these applications involves the mixing or addition of colors of light to produce a desired appearance. Our understanding of color perception would not be complete without an understanding of the principles of color subtraction. In this part of Lesson 2, we will learn how materials that have been permeated by specific pigments will selectively absorb specific frequencies of light in order to produce a desired appearance.
 

The 1st and 2nd Commandments

The 1st and 2nd Commandment-

1. I am the Lord thy God; thou shalt not have strange gods before Me.
2. Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy God in vain.

Compare And Contrast about the 1st and 2nd Commandment-

Its says much more about the commandments but in the if commandment its means that the lord thy god and that they shalt not have strange gods before me. but it means so much to god because he wants us to say it in proud and honor. the second commamndment means that they shalt not take the name of the lord thy god in vain. like i had said God wants us to say it in proud and honor in different ways to honor his word to him.

Interactions Of Light Waves

Refraction Meaning-
The turning or bending of any wave, such as a light or sound wave, when it passes from one medium into another of different density. The ability of the eye to bend light so that an image is focused on the retina.

Prism Meaning-
an object that has this shape. A prism of glass or a similar transparent material can be used to bend different wavelengths of light by different amounts through refraction. This bending separates a beam of white light into a spectrum of colored light.

These are pictures about how Interaction waves work.

The Law Of Reflection

When a ray of light strikes a plane mirror, the light ray reflects off the mirror. Reflection involves a change in direction of the light ray. The convention used to express the direction of a light ray is to indicate the angle which the light ray makes with a normal line drawn to the surface of the mirror. The angle of incidence is the angle between this normal line and the incident ray; the angle of reflection is the angle between this normal line and the reflected ray. According to the law of reflection, the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection. These concepts are illustrated in the animation below.

Law Of Reflection

Light is known to behave in a very predictable manner. If a ray of light could be observed approaching and reflecting off of a flat mirror, then the behavior of the light as it reflects would follow a predictable law known as the law of reflection. The diagram below illustrates the law of

reflection.

In the diagram, the ray of light approaching the mirror is known as the incident ray(labeled I in the diagram). The ray of light that leaves the mirror is known as there flected ray (labeled R in the diagram). At the point of incidence where the ray strikes the mirror, a line can be drawn perpendicular to the surface of the mirror. This line is known as a normal line (labeled N in the diagram). The normal line divides the angle between the incident ray and the reflected ray into two equal angles. The angle between the incident ray and the normal is known as the angle of incidence. The angle between the reflected ray and the normal is known as the angle of reflection. (These two angles are labeled with the Greek letter "theta" accompanied by a subscript; read as "theta-i" for angle of incidence and "theta-r" for angle of reflection.) The law of reflection states that when a ray of light reflects off a surface, the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.

The Ten Commandments

You shall have no other gods before Me.
You shall not make idols.
You shall not take the name of the LORD your God in vain.
Remember the Sabbath day, to keep it holy.
Honor your father and your mother.
You shall not murder.
You shall not commit adultery.
You shall not steal.
You shall not bear false witness against your neighbor.

You shall not covet.

*Why The Ten Commandments Are Called The Decalogue?

obviously come from the Hebrew Bible, but it is not so obvious to determine exactly what they are or how to count them. These commandments are recorded in two different biblical chapters Exodus 20:1-17 & Deuteronomy 5:6-21, yet each text is slightly different, and neither passage explicitly numbers the commandments one through ten.

* How The Ten Commandments Guide And Norsish The Spirital Well-being Of A Christian Believes?

The Ten Commandments are an excellent piece of literature of the Old Testament, which was given by God Himself, through Moses, to the people of Israel, and which was destined to shape the morals of the society of the world.

The Ten Commandments, also known as the Decalogue, constitute the ethical code by which the human race is guided, on the one hand, to believe in the true God, and, on the other hand to sustain the godly society in the attainment and application of God's will on earth. The Ten Commandments were kept undefiled and handed down to us as a treasure and monument of Christian civilization. The Christian Church has embodied the Ten Commandments as a basic moral code of, discipline toward God and toward men. "There is probably no human document which has exercised a greater influence upon, religion and morals than the Ten Commandments."

Moses is an outstanding personality of the Old Testament; he is known not only for his leadership and statesmanship, but especially as a religious forerunner of Judaism. His destiny was planned by God Himself to lead the people of Israel out of the Egyptian bondage and into the wilderness, a land north of Mt. Sinai and between Egypt and Palestine, their new dwelling place. Moses knew this land well because he had spent 40 years in exile from the Egyptians in this area with a great man, his father-in-law Jethro, who gave counsel to him.

         

Electromagnetic Waves

*How Electromagnetic waves are differ from each other?

When you listen to the radio, watch TV, or cook dinner in a microwave oven, you are using electromagnetic waves.

Radio waves, television waves, and microwaves are all types of electromagnetic waves. They differ from each other in wavelength. Wavelength is the distance between one wave crest to the next.


Waves in the electromagnetic spectrum vary in size from very long radio waves the size of buildings, to very short gamma-rays smaller than the size of the nucleus of an atom.



* Some uses for Radio Waves and Micorwaves?


Radio waves are the lowest-energy, lowest-frequency and longest-wavelength electromagnetic waves. They are produced when an alternating current flows in an aerial and they spread out and travel through the atmosphere. They are not strongly absorbed by the atmosphere. Another aerial is used as a detector and the waves produce an alternating current in it, with a frequency that matches that of the radio waves. Anyone with a receiver can tune it to this frequency to pick up the radio waves so they are suitable for broadcasting (for example, radio and TV programmes) to large numbers of people. An advantage is that this method of communicating does not require wires to transmit information. A disadvantage is that radio stations using similar transmission frequencies sometimes interfere.
A common mistake is to think that we can hear radio waves. We cannot hear any electromagnetic radiation. The radiation is used to carry a signal that is converted into a sound wave by the receiver.
Medium wavelength radio waves are reflected from the ionosphere, a layer of charged particles in the upper atmosphere, so they can be used for long distance communication.

* Examples of how infared waves and visible light are important in our life?

Infrared (IR) is a form of electromagnetic radiation that has a wavelength slightly longer than the color red in the visible light spectrum. Infrared radiation is created when objects are heated at temperatures not quite high enough to make them glow. You can detect infrared radiation by the heating effect it has on your skin. Special sensors are also used to detect IR. This type of radiation is used in electric heaters, greenhouses and night vision sensors

Properties Of Sounds

Sound has a huge impact on our day to day lives. Just think of how much of our technology involves sending or receiving sounds in various forms.

Most people don’t fully understand what sound is.

In this section we will be looking at the basic properties of sound.

Sound is a longitudinal wave.

Remember that longitudinal waves are made up of areas where the wave is compressed together, and other areas where it is expanded.

This would agree with the way that humans themselves make sounds. We force air, sometimes harder, sometimes softer, through our vocal cords.

In the process the air is either squished or allowed to move freely… making the air into a longitudinal wave!

We will look in detail at three fundamental characteristics of sound: speed,frequency, and loudness.

Speed

The speed of sound in air actually depends on the temperature of the air.

As a standard, we will say that the speed of sound is 340m/s at 15°C. If you are not told anything different in a question, use this value.

If you did need to calculate the speed of sound at a different temperature, you could use this formula as a rough estimate (you are not required to memorize this formula)…

v = 331.5m/s + 0.6T

v = velocity of sound (m/s)

T = temperature

These are the properties of sounds that it explains so much of it and how it gives more information about sound waves!

How The Church Is Human And Divine

How The Church Is Human And Divine:

The Church always walks the same path as her divine Founder. Like Him she encounters those who accuse her of contradictory crimes and vices. They find her too worldly, and at the same time out of touch with “the real world.” They insist that she stay out of politics and condemn her for supposed silence on issues. In short, the world demands that the Church be human and then complains that she is not divine. Thus in a roundabout way the Church’s critics reveal the paradox of the Church: like our Lord, she is both human and divine.

That the Church is human is all too apparent. Of course, when most people talk about the Church being “human” they are referring to her failures (as if that is all it means to be human). But the human dimension of the Church continues in heaven, where there will be no failures. That the Church is human means primarily that she is built out of the living stones of individual human persons. She exists in the world in a human manner and through human means. She continues the presence of Christ by human words, actions and relationships.

Unfortunately, since our human nature is fallen and wounded, the Church’s human dimension also appears in weakness. This often scandalizes because we hope to find purity and strength in the Church but instead encounter quite the opposite. And yet, as much as we ought to find holiness in the Church, it is in another sense not surprising that we encounter weakness. The crowds in Jerusalem encountered human weakness in our Lord. Not, to be sure, moral weakness. But weakness nonetheless – the weakness of a man betrayed, beaten, scourged, and crucified. The crowds looked and, seeing the man of sorrows, in effect asked, “That? Is that God?” The Church always walks the path of her Founder. So people look upon the Body of Christ and, finding her laboring under human weakness, they ask, “That? Is that the Church of God?” Indeed she is – appearing in human nature and laboring under human weakness, as did her Lord. And just as our reaction to the suffering Lord should be one of pity and not outrage, so also we should respond to His Body, the Church suffering from the scandals of her members.

Our outrage at scandals and weakness in the Church comes from the fact that the Church is more than merely human – and we sense that to be true. She is, as we confess every Sunday, holy. This dimension of the Church is not as clear to us, just as Jesus’ divinity was veiled by His humanity. We call the Church “holy” because she bears God’s own life and grace. She teaches divine truths and administers the Sacraments of salvation. Her very soul is the Spirit of God.

In a sense, it should not surprise us that the Church suffers and always has suffered scandals. Not only because our Lord promised that it would happen but also because any human institution suffers them. What should surprise us is that the Church has survived her scandals. No other human institution could survive the scandals that the Church has seen. That she can survive them hints at the fact that she is more than merely human. Her weakness that endures testifies to something more than human at work within her. She is human, yes, with all the weakness that comes with that. But at once she is also divine, the Body of Christ.

Comfort with this paradox makes a heart truly Catholic. It enables one to trust in the Church as Christ’s voice and presence in the world – the very oracle of God, as Newman said. It likewise enables him to see scandals in the Church for what they are. He can see the horror of a scandal, and yet not stop trusting the Church. He knows the Church is at once divine…but also in need of reform. A person with such faith is not undone by scandals, because he knows the Church consists of weak human members (like himself). He knows that the Church is a pilgrim, en route to heaven, and always becoming more perfectly what she is.

The Electromagnetic Spectrum

ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY

When you tune your radio, watch TV, send a text message, or pop popcorn in a microwave oven, you are using electromagnetic energy. You depend on this energy every hour of every day. Without it, the world you know could not exist.

Electromagnetic energy travels in waves and spans a broad spectrum from very long radio waves to very short gamma rays. The human eye can only detect only a small portion of this spectrum called visible light. A radio detects a different portion of the spectrum, and an x-ray machine uses yet another portion. NASA's scientific instruments use the full range of the electromagnetic spectrum to study the Earth, the solar system, and the universe beyond.

OUR PROTECTIVE ATMOSPHERE

Our Sun is a source of energy across the full spectrum, and its electromagnetic radiation bombards our atmosphere constantly. However, the Earth's atmosphere protects us from exposure to a range of higher energy waves that can be harmful to life. Gamma rays, x-rays, and some ultraviolet waves are "ionizing," meaning these waves have such a high energy that they can knock electrons out of atoms. Exposure to these high-energy waves can alter atoms and molecules and cause damage to cells in organic matter. These changes to cells can sometimes be helpful, as when radiation is used to kill cancer cells, and other times not, as when we get sunburned.

ATMOSPHERIC WINDOWS

NASA spacecraft, such as,provide scientists with a unique vantage point, helping them "see" at higher-energy wavelengths that are blocked by the Earth's protective atmosphere.

Electromagnetic radiation is reflected or absorbed mainly by several gases in the Earth's atmosphere, among the most important being water vapor, carbon dioxide, and ozone. Some radiation, such as visible light, largely passes is transmitted through the atmosphere. These regions of the spectrum with wavelengths that can pass through the atmosphere are referred to as "atmospheric windows." Some microwaves can even pass through clouds, which make them the best wavelength for transmitting satellite communication signals.

While our atmosphere is essential to protecting life on Earth and keeping the planet habitable, it is not very helpful when it comes to studying sources of high-energy radiation in space. Instruments have to be positioned above Earth's energy-absorbing atmosphere to "see" higher energy and even some lower energy light sources such as quasars. an thats all about the electromagnetic spectrum.

Vatican II's Dei Verburn

What Vatican II's Dei Verburn:

Hearing the word of God with reverence and proclaiming it with faith, the sacred synod takes its direction from these words of St. John: "We announce to you the eternal life which dwelt with the Father and was made visible to us. What we have seen and heard we announce to you, so that you may have fellowship with us and our common fellowship be with the Father and His Son Jesus Christ". Therefore, following in the footsteps of the Council of Trent and of the First Vatican Council, this present council wishes to set forth authentic doctrine on divine revelation and how it is handed on, so that by hearing the message of salvation the whole world may believe, by believing it may hope, and by hoping it may love.




 In His goodness and wisdom God chose to reveal Himself and to make known to us the hidden purpose of His will by which through Christ, the Word made flesh, man might in the Holy Spirit have access to the Father and come to share in the divine nature. Through this revelation, therefore, the invisible God out of the abundance of His love speaks to men as friends and lives among them so that He may invite and take them into fellowship with Himself. This plan of revelation is realized by deeds and words having an inner unity: the deeds wrought by God in the history of salvation manifest and confirm the teaching and realities signified by the words, while the words proclaim the deeds and clarify the mystery contained in them. By this revelation then, the deepest truth about God and the salvation of man shines out for our sake in Christ, who is both the mediator and the fullness of all revelation.

 God, who through the Word creates all things and keeps them in existence, gives men an enduring witness to Himself in created realities. Planning to make known the way of heavenly salvation, He went further and from the start manifested Himself to our first parents. Then after their fall His promise of redemption aroused in them the hope of being saved and from that time on He ceaselessly kept the human race in His care, to give eternal life to those who perseveringly do good in search of salvation . Then, at the time He had appointed He called Abraham in order to make of him a great nation . Through the patriarchs, and after them through Moses and the prophets, He taught this people to acknowledge Himself the one living and true God, provident father and just judge, and to wait for the Savior promised by Him, and in this manner prepared the way for the Gospel down through the centuries.

 Then, after speaking in many and varied ways through the prophets, "now at last in these days God has spoken to us in His Son. For He sent His Son, the eternal Word, who enlightens all men, so that He might dwell among men and tell them of the innermost being of God. Jesus Christ, therefore, the Word made flesh, was sent as "a man to men."  He "speaks the words of God" , and completes the work of salvation which His Father gave Him to do. To see Jesus is to see His Father. For this reason Jesus perfected revelation by fulfilling it through his whole work of making Himself present and manifesting Himself: through His words and deeds, His signs and wonders, but especially through His death and glorious resurrection from the dead and final sending of the Spirit of truth. Moreover He confirmed with divine testimony what revelation proclaimed, that God is with us to free us from the darkness of sin and death, and to raise us up to life eternal.

The Christian dispensation, therefore, as the new and definitive covenant, will never pass away and we now await no further new public revelation before the glorious manifestation of our Lord Jesus Christ.

 "The obedience of faith "is to be given to God who reveals, an obedience by which man commits his whole self freely to God, offering the full submission of intellect and will to God who reveals,"  and freely assenting to the truth revealed by Him. To make this act of faith, the grace of God and the interior help of the Holy Spirit must precede and assist, moving the heart and turnng it to God, opening the eyes of the mind and giving "joy and ease to everyone in assenting to the truth and believing it."  To bring about an ever deeper understanding of revelation the same Holy Spirit constantly brings faith to completion by His gifts.

 Through divine revelation, God chose to show forth and communicate Himself and the eternal decisions of His will regarding the salvation of men. That is to say, He chose to share with them those divine treasures which totally transcend the understanding of the human mind.





As a sacred synod has affirmed, God, the beginning and end of all things, can be known with certainty from created reality by the light of human reason  but teaches that it is through His revelation that those religious truths which are by their nature accessible to human reason can be known by all men with ease, with solid certitude and with no trace of error, even in this present state of the human race.

How We Can Carry The Works Of Chirst

How my family carry the works of chirst: Is with my family we pray before we eat to give thanks to the lord what he had give us to eat. most of the time we pray for those who are sick or injured in our family. we pray to help that person or family get more stronger with our blessing. some people like our blessings to them because it makes them feel good that the lord is watching over them!

How my friends carry the works of chirst: my friends carry the lord with them everyday because we pray to the lord every day in school some people even pray out of the school for people that really need help with such stuff like praying for their sick family member, or even for them if they are injured or like i said need help with anything. My teachers all ways tells us to pray for whom is in need of help or injured because it may save their lives or help them walk or heal. everyone has faith no matter what!

Electric And Magnetic Field

Magnetic Field

Magnetic fields are different from electric fields. Although both types of fields are interconnected, they do different things. The idea of magnetic field lines and magnetic fields was first examined by Michael Faraday and later by James Clerk Maxwell. Both of these English scientists made great discoveries in the field of electromagnetism.

Magnetic fields are areas where an object exhibits a magnetic influence. The fields affect neighboring objects along things called magnetic field lines. A magnetic object can attract or push away another magnetic object. You also need to remember that magnetic forces are NOT related to gravity. The amount of gravity is based on an object's mass, while magnetic strength is based on the material that the object is made of.

If you place an object in a magnetic field, it will be affected, and the effect will happen along field lines. Many classroom experiments watch small pieces of iron line up around magnets along the field lines. Magnetic poles are the points where the magnetic field lines begin and end. Field lines converge or come together at the poles. You have probably heard of the poles of the Earth. Those poles are places where our planets field lines come together. We call those poles north and south because that's where they're located on Earth. All magnetic objects have field lines and poles. It can be as small as an atom or as large as a star.


Attracted and Repulsed

You know about charged particles. There are positive and negative charges. You also know that positive charges are attracted to negative charges. A French scientist named Andre-Marie Ampere studied the relationship between electricity and magnetism. He discovered that magnetic fields are produced by moving charges (current). And moving charges are affected by magnets. Stationary charges, on the other hand, do not produce magnetic fields, and are not affected by magnets. Two wires, with current flowing, when placed next to each other, may attract or repel like two magnets. It all has to do with moving charges.


Earth's Magnetic Field

Magnets are simple examples of natural magnetic fields. But guess what? The Earth has a huge magnetic field. Because the core of our planet is filled with molten iron (Fe), there is a large field that protects the Earth from space radiation and particles such as the solar wind. When you look at tiny magnets, they are working in a similar way. The magnet has a field around it.

As noted earlier, current in wires produces a magnetic effect. You can increase the strength of that magnetic field by increasing the current through the wire. We can use this principle to make artificial, adjustable magnets called electromagnets, by making coils of wire, and then passing current through the coils.

Holy Week Observence

The Way I Observence Holy Week:

How i observe holy week with my family was praise the lord wih so many kind blessings with words that the lord would love. my family likes to pray before we eat because we would like to give thanks for the food what he gives us every day. my family appreciate what people give to us or the lord gives to us.

How i observe holy week with my friends:  That we Observe Jesus’ crucifixion by reading the Biblical account together. Sing old hymns of the Crucifixion and the Cross: “Were You There When They Crucified My Lord?” “The Old Rugged Cross,” “When I Survey the Wondrous Cross.” Most Catholic churches offer Stations of the Cross, fourteen plaques circling the interior walls which depict the final hours of Jesus’ life. You may want to visit and contemplate these, one by one.

How to observe holy week with eveyone:  For an in-school celebration, reading Matthew 2:1-11 together. an that with a few friends, we can put together costumes and act out Jesus’ arrival in Jerusalem.

Thats how i observe holy with my family and friends!!

What Is Light

Light: An Electromagnetic Wave

Light is an different type of energy that traavels as a wave. But also light is an different other kind of waves. There are different kinds of waves such as Sound Waves and Water waves. an that it must travel throught matter. An that light does not matter require matter through which to travel. Also light is an electromagentic wave.

Electromagentic wave is a wave that can travel through empty spaces or matter and consists of changing eletric and magnetic field. Light is part of the electromagnetic spectrum, which ranges from radio waves to gamma rays. Electromagnetic radiation waves, as their names suggest are fluctuations of electric and magnetic fields, which can transport energy from one location to another. Visible light is not inherently different from the other parts of the electromagnetic spectrum with the exception that the human eye can detect visible waves. Electromagnetic radiation can also be described in terms of a stream of photons which are massless particles each travelling with wavelike properties at the speed of light. A photon is the smallest quantity of energy which can be transported and it was the realization that light.

Matter is composed of atoms, ions or molecules and it is light’s interaction with matter which gives rise to the various phenomena which can help us understand the nature of matter. The atoms, ions or molecules have defined energy levels usually associated with energy levels that electrons in the matter can hold. Light can be generated by the matter or a photon of light can interact with the energy levels in a number of ways.

Fields exsit around certain objects and can exert force on another object without touching that object. For example, Earth suface of a gavitational field. A field pulls you and all things toward earth. But keep in mind that this field are like all fields is not made out of matter. 

Detecting Sound

Sound is a Pressure Wave


Sound is that results from the back and forth vibration of the particles of the medium through which the sound wave is moving. If a sound wave is moving from left to right through air, then particles of air will be displaced both rightward and leftward as the energy of the sound wave passes through it. The motion of the particles is parallel to the direction of the energy transport. This is what characterizes sound waves.



Compressions and Rarefactions

A vibrating tuning fork is capable of creating such a longitudinal wave. As the tines of the fork vibrate back and forth, they push on neighboring air particles. The forward motion of a tine pushes air molecules horizontally to the right and the backward retraction of the tine creates a low-pressure area allowing the air particles to move back to the left.

Because of the longitudinal motion of the air particles, there are regions in the air where the air particles are compressed together and other regions where the air particles are spread apart. These regions are known as compressions and rarefactions respectively. The compressions are regions of high air pressure while the rarefactions are regions of low air pressure. The diagram below depicts a sound wave created by a tuning fork and propagated through the air in an open tube. The compressions and rarefactions are labeled.

The wavelength of a wave is merely the distance that a disturbance travels along the medium in one complete wave cycle. Since a wave repeats its pattern once every wave cycle, the wavelength is sometimes referred to as the length of the repeating patterns - the length of one complete wave. For a transverse wave, this length is commonly measured from one wave crest to the next adjacent wave crest or from one wave trough to the next adjacent wave trough. Since a longitudinal wave does not contain crests and troughs, its wavelength must be measured differently. A longitudinal wave consists of a repeating pattern of compressions and rarefactions. Thus, the wavelength is commonly measured as the distance from one compression to the next adjacent compression or the distance from one rarefaction to the next adjacent rarefaction.


What is a Pressure Wave?

Since a sound wave consists of a repeating pattern of high-pressure and low-pressure regions moving through a medium, it is sometimes referred to as a pressure wave. If a detector, whether it is the human ear or a man-made instrument, were used to detect a sound wave, it would detect fluctuations in pressure as the sound wave impinges upon the detecting device. At one instant in time, the detector would detect a high pressure; this would correspond to the arrival of a compression at the detector site. At the next instant in time, the detector might detect normal pressure. And then finally a low pressure would be detected, corresponding to the arrival of a rarefaction at the detector site. The fluctuations in pressure as detected by the detector occur at periodic and regular time intervals. In fact, a plot of pressure versus time would appear as a sine curve. The peak points of the sine curve correspond to compressions; the low points correspond to rarefactions; and the "zero points" correspond to the pressure that the air would have if there were no disturbance moving through it. The diagram below depicts the correspondence between the longitudinal nature of a sound wave in air and the pressure-time fluctuations that it creates at a fixed detector location.

The above diagram can be somewhat misleading if you are not careful. The representation of sound by a sine wave is merely an attempt to illustrate the sinusoidal nature of the pressure-time fluctuations. Do not conclude that sound is a transverse wave that has crests and troughs. Sound waves traveling through air are indeed longitudinal waves with compressions and rarefactions. As sound passes through air (or any fluid medium), the particles of air do not vibrate in a transverse manner. Do not be misled - sound waves traveling through air are longitudinal waves.

How It Relates to the ear?

 It relates that you can hear differrent sound with your ear with loud sounds and low sounds. but it can hear different sound now thats our example about the human ear detecting sound..

How The Human Ear Works

How does normal hearing work?

The three parts of the ear anatomy are the outer ear, the middle ear and the inner ear. The inner ear is also called the cochlea. (‘Cochlea’ means ‘snail’ in Latin; the cochlea gets its name from its distinctive coiled up shape.)
The outer ear consists of the pinna, ear canal and eardrum
The middle ear consists of the ossicles and ear drum
The inner ear consists of the cochlea, the auditory (hearing) nerve and the brain



Sound waves enter the ear canal and make the ear drum vibrate. This action moves the tiny chain of bones in the middle ear. The last bone in this chain ‘knocks’ on the membrane window of the cochlea and makes the fluid in the cochlea move. The fluid movement then triggers a response in the hearing nerve.






What happens when you have problems with hearing?

When your hearing is working normally, information is being passed through the different parts of the ear to the brain. The type of hearing problem you may have depends on which part of the ear is not responding well.

Outer ear or middle ear problems lead to inefficient transfer of sound. The cochlea is still working but may not receive enough information. The problem is that the sound is not being conducted well enough. Conductive deafness can be caused by things such as an ear infection, a hole in the eardrum or otosclerosis.

An inner ear problem means that sound arrives at the cochlea, but is then not fully passed on to the hearing nerve. Also it is possible that the hearing nerve itself is not passing on information well, or fails to pass on the sound at all Sensorineural hearing loss can be caused by things such as old age,  with loud noise.

Pope John XX111

POPE JOHN XXIII

1958-1963



When on October 20, 1958 the cardinals, assembled in conclave, elected Angelo Roncalli as pope many regarded him, because of his age and ambiguous reputation, as a transitional pope, little realizing that the pontificate of this man of 76 years would mark a turning point in history and initiate a new age for the Church. He took the name of John in honor of the precursor and the beloved disciple but also because it was the name of a long line of popes whose pontificates had been short.

Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli, the third of thirteen children, was born on November 25, 1881 at Sotto il Monte of a family of sharecroppers. He attended elementary school in the town, was tutored by a priest of Carvico, and at the age of twelve entered the seminary at Bergamo. A scholarship from the Cerasoli Foundation enabled him to go on to the Apollinaris in Rome where he studied under among others Umberto Benigni, the Church historian. He interrupted his studies for service in the Italian Army but returned to the seminary, completed his work for a doctorate in theology, and was ordained in 1904. Continuing his studies in canon law he was appointed secretary to the new bishop of Bergamo, Giacomo Radini-Tedeschi. Angelo served this social-minded prelate for nine years, acquiring first-hand experience and a broad understanding of the problems of the working class. He also taught apologetics, church history, and patrology.

With the entry of Italy into World War I in 1915 he was recalled to military service as a chaplain. On leaving the service in 1918 he was appointed spiritual director of the seminary, but found time to open a hostel for students in Bergamo. It was at this time also that he began the research for a multi-volume work on the episcopal visitation of Bergamo by St. Charles Borromeo, the last volume of which was published after his elevation as pope.

In 1921 he was called to Rome to reorganize the Society for the Propagation of the Faith. Nominated titular archbishop of Areopolis and apostolic visitator to Bulgaria, he immediately concerned himself with the problems of the Eastern Churches. Transferred in 1934 to Turkey and Greece as apostolic delegate, he set up an office in Istanbul for locating prisoners of war. In 1944 he was appointed nuncio to Paris to assist in the Church's post-war efforts in France, and became the first permanent observer of the Holy See at UNESCO, addressing its sixth and seventh general assemblies in 1951 and 1952. In 1953 he became cardinal-patriarch of Venice, and expected to spend his last years there in pastoral work. He was correcting proofs of the synodal Acts of his first diocesan Synod when he was called to Rome to participate in the conclave that elected him pope.

In his first public address Pope John expressed his concern for reunion with separated Christians and for world peace. In his coronation address he asserted "vigorously and sincerely" that it was his intention to be a pastoral pope since "all other human gifts and accomplishments learning, practical experience, diplomatic finesse can broaden and enrich pastoral work but they cannot replace it." One of his first acts was to annul the regulation of Sixtus IV limiting the membership of the College of Cardinals to 70; within the next four years he enlarged it to 87 with the largest international representation in history. Less than three months after his election he announced that he would hold a diocesan synod for Rome, convoke an ecumenical council for the universal Church, and revise the Code of Canon Law. The synod, the first in the history of Rome, was held in 1960; Vatican Council II was convoked in 1962; and the Pontifical Commission for the Revision of the Code was appointed in 1963.

His progressive encyclic was issued in 1961 to commemorate the anniversary of Leo XIII's, advocating human freedom and dignity as the basis for world order and peace, came out in 1963. He elevated the Pontifical Commission for Cinema, Radio, and Television to curial status, approved a new code of rubrics for the Breviary and Missal, made notable advances in ecumenical relations by creating a new Secretariat for Promoting Christian Unity and by appointing the first representative to the Assembly of the World Council of Churches held in New Delhi (1961). In 1960 he consecrated fourteen bishops for Asia, Africa, and Oceania. The International Balzan Foundation awarded him its Peace Prize in 1962.

Since his death on June 3, 1963, much has been written and spoken about the warmth and holiness of the beloved Pope John. Perhaps the testimony of the world was best expressed by a newspaper drawing of the earth shrouded in mourning with the simple caption, "A Death in the Family."